不同土壤固硅能力研究初报

在实验室条件下，研究广东省3种典型土壤对水溶性硅的固定作用。研究结果表明，不同土壤类型固硅能力差异显著，振荡后立即测定和放置3天后测定的结果均显示同样的趋势，固硅能力都是砖红壤最高，赤红壤次之，水稻土最低。     

低温碱溶粉煤灰中硅和铝的溶出规律研究

采用低温碱溶法对粉煤灰中硅和铝(分别以氧化硅和氧化铝计)的溶出规律进行了研究,考察了粉煤灰热处理温度、碱浓度、溶出时间、溶出温度等因素对粉煤灰中硅和铝溶出量的影响.结果表明:在热处理温度为950℃,碱浓度为2～3 mol/L,溶出温度为120～130℃,溶出时间为4～6 h时,氧化硅的溶出量为29.23%,氧化铝的溶出量为1.26%,溶出比为23.63,可实现粉煤灰中硅和铝的分步溶出,并利用XRD对溶出结果进行了分析.      

掺杂La或Si对Ag/Al2O3催化剂热稳定性和脱NO活性的影响

利用 BET比表面测定和 X-射线衍射技术考察了掺杂 La或 Si的 Ag/Al₂O₃催化剂的热稳定性 ,并研究了富氧条件下 ,丙烯在这些催化剂上选择性还原 NO的活性 .结果表明 ,掺杂 La或 Si能抑制 Al₂O₃相变 ,使 γ-Al₂O₃完全转化为 α-Al₂O₃的温度升至 1100℃以上 .相应地 ,延缓催化剂比表面下降 ,从活性角度来看 ,当焙烧温度为 1100℃时 ,与掺杂 La或 Si相比 ,不掺杂 La或 Si的 Ag/Al₂O₃催化剂活性要低得多 ;当焙烧温度低于 1000℃时 ,掺杂少量 La(2 % La₂O₃)对 Ag/Al₂O₃催化剂活性影响不大 ,但是 ,掺杂 Si(2%或 8% SiO₂)或较高含量 La(8% La₂O₃)会导致催化剂活性降低 .综合考虑热稳定性和富氧条件下的 NO还原活性 ,认为掺杂较低含量 La(2% La₂O₃)的 Ag/Al₂O₃催化剂性能最佳 .     

硅酸盐环境标准参考物质中硅的定值方法——氟硅酸钾容量法

本文详细介绍用氟硅酸钾容量法测定硅的最佳实验条件,与其它方法比较,准确度与经典方法相同,而分析速度大大提高,相对标准偏差为0.09—0.17％。对各类硅酸盐、国内粘土标样与美国国家标准局(NBS)标样进行测定比较,均得到满意结果。因此,氟硅酸钾容量法测定硅可推荐为仲裁和标准参考物质定值方法。     

新型铝硅复合絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究

以高稳定性的有机硅(TEOS)代替聚硅酸(HS)加入到聚合铝(PAC)中,初步制备了一种新型铝硅复合絮凝剂(TEOS—PAC)。研究了制备过程中的滴碱速度、Si与Al摩尔比和碱化度等因素对该复合絮凝剂絮凝性能的影响,对比了TEOS—PAC与HS—PAC的絮凝效果。研究结果表明,制备TEOS—PAC时滴碱速度要控制适当(流量刻度定位40);随着Si与A1摩尔比的提高,TEOS—PAC复合絮凝剂的絮凝性能明显增强,最佳Si与A1摩尔比为0．2,最佳碱化度为2．5;在相同条件下,TEOS—PAC的最佳投药量低于HS—PAC,且TEOS—PAC在絮凝过程中形成的絮体沉降性能优于HS—PAC形成的絮体。     

Si对盐胁迫下水稻根系活力、丙二醛和营养元素含量的影响(Effects of Si on the Index of Root Activity, MDA Content and Nutritional Elements Uptake of Rice under Salt Stress)

为深入了解盐胁迫下外源硅(Si)对水稻生长的作用,采用溶液培养法研究了外源Si对盐(NaCl)胁迫下野生型水稻和硅突变体水稻(不能正常吸收Si)营养元素和生理指标的影响.结果表明:1)外源Si可显著提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的生物量.当NaCl的浓度为100mmol·L-1时,添加1.0mmol·L-1的Si可使野生型水稻茎叶和根系干重提高12.81%和15.25%,硅突变体水稻茎叶干重提高12.31%.2)外源Si可提高盐胁迫下两种水稻茎叶和根系中营养元素含量,降低Na的含量.3)外源Si可显著降低盐胁迫下野生型水稻叶片MDA含量,但对突变体水稻叶片MDA含量影响不大.4)外源Si可显著提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的根系活力.盐胁迫下,与不加Si的对照相比,添加1.0mmol·L-1的Si可分别使野生型和突变体水稻根系活力指数提高60.47%和42.42%.     

无机硅叶面肥及土壤调理剂对水稻铅、镉吸收的影响

喷施叶面阻控剂和施用土壤调理剂是目前污染稻田治理的主要措施,针对不同污染类型、污染程度稻田研发效果较好的叶面阻控剂及土壤调理剂是研究重点。文章通过2019年的田间试验研究无机硅叶面肥及土壤调理剂对中重度铅镉复合污染稻田水稻铅镉阻控效果。共设3个处理:常规施肥处理(CK)、常规施肥+喷施无机硅叶面肥处理(L-Si)、常规施肥+施用无机硅土壤调理剂处理(S-Si)。结果表明:L-Si处理土壤中铅质量分数较对照(116.00±4.35)mg·kg-1高18.97%;S-Si处理较对照(5.51±0.06)能够显著提高稻田土壤pH值0.73,土壤中铅和镉分别较对照(116.00±4.35)、(1.89±0.03)mg·kg-1高12.07%和14.81%。L-Si处理下铅在根、叶片、稻米中富集较对照分别减少11.69%、12.40%和38.46%;镉在叶片、稻壳、稻米中较对照显著减少了18.10%、5.84%和40.84%。而S-Si处理中铅在根、茎、叶、稻壳、稻米中富集量较对照显著减少11.69%、36.93%、15.16%、23.47%和51.28%;镉在根、茎、叶、稻壳、稻米中富集量显著降低12.93%、42.28%、61.75%、59.85%和49.21%。L-Si及S-Si处理水稻产量较对照(7052.27±95.07)kg·hm^-2分别提高3.24%和4.09%。综上所述,无机硅经叶面吸收后,在减少叶片中铅富集的同时减少了根系对土壤铅的吸收,将经根系吸收的铅富集于茎和稻壳中;而在减少叶片中镉富集的同时并未减少根系对镉吸收,将经根系吸收的镉富集于根和茎中。无机硅土壤调理剂在将土壤中铅和镉固定于土壤中的同时阻隔了水稻根系对铅和镉下吸收,因此水稻根、茎、叶、稻壳、稻米中铅和镉的含量均显著降低。     

Effects of zeolites on cultures of marine micro-algae

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The cation-exchange capacity of zeolites is well known and has been increasingly explored in different fields with both economic and environmental successes. In aquatic medium with low salinity, zeolites have found multiple applications. However, a review of the literature on the applications of zeolites in salt waters found relatively few articles, including some recently published papers. The purpose of this review is to present the state-of-the-art on applications of using zeolites for amending the trace elemental contents of salt water as well as the implications of this property for promoting marine micro-algal growth. MAIN FEATURES: This paper deals with the following features: Sorption capacity of zeolites including 1. application of zeolites in saltwater, 2. the role of silicon and zeolites on cultures of micro-algae, and 3. the role of organically chelated trace metals. RESULTS: The following competing factors have been identified as effects of zeolites on algal growth in salt water: (i) ammonia decrease: growth inhibition reduced; (ii) macro-nutrients increase, mainly silicon: stimulation of silicon-dependent algae; (iii) trace metals increase (desorption from zeolites) or decrease (adsorption): inhibition or stimulation, depending on the nature of the element and its concentration; and, (iv) changes in the chelating organics exudation: inhibition or stimulation of growth, depending on the (a) nature of the complexed element; (b) bioavailability of the complex; and (c) concentration of the elements simultaneously present in inorganic forms. DISCUSSION: Zeolites have been capable of stimulating the growth of the silicon-demanding marine micro-algae, like diatoms, mainly because they can act as a silicon buffer in seawater. Zeolites can also influence the yield of non-silicon-demanding algae, because the changes they can cause (liberation and adsorption of trace elements) in the composition of the medium. CONCLUSIONS: Zeolites have been capable of stimulating the growth of the marine micro-algae. However, the extent of ion exchange between zeolite and seawater, which conditions the effects, will depend on several factors: (1) initial metal concentration in seawater; (2) levels of trace metals in the zeolites (contaminants); (3) characteristics of the zeolites in terms of both ion-exchange capacity and specific affinities for the different cations; (4) quantity of zeolite per litre of solution; (5) pH and (6) response of the organism in terms of liberation of organic ligands. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: RECOMMENDATIONS: Therefore, a previous investigation in each particular case is recommended, in order to select the zeolitic characteristics and concentrations that will maximize the algal yield. PERSPECTIVES: Stimulation of phytoplankton growth can be economically relevant since phytoplankton constitutes the basis of the marine food webs and is required in fish farming nurseries in the marine aquaculture industry. Zeolites are cheap, only small amounts (few milligrams per liter of culture) are required and the addition of some micro-nutrients may be omitted. Therefore, the inclusion of zeolites in algal cultures in aquaculture may have economic advantages.     

Numerical estimation of photovoltaic–electrolyzer system performance on the basis of a weather database

We performed a numerical simulation to investigate the performance of a photovoltaic (PV)–electrolyzer on the basis of a simulated weather database during the summer solstice (SS), autumnal equinox (AE), and winter solstice (WS), and all year round. First, we selected a location in southern Taiwan (latitude: 22.65°N) to create a local weather simulation database that included daily solar radiation, wind speed, and ambient temperature. The I–V curves of a PV system and an electrolyzer were obtained numerically by using Simpson integration computation. Subsequently, the optimal configuration of a PV driving system comprising the electrolyzer and the PV panel was determined. The database of weather conditions was input into the numerical estimation model of the PV–electrolyzer system, and the hydrogen generation rates and hydrogen production volumes under both clear skies and changeable weather conditions were obtained.     

新型硅镁胶（MgO·2SiO2）对模拟放射性废水中CO2＋的吸附性能

以泡花碱和氯化镁为原料合成出了一种新型硅镁胶（MgO-2SiO2）吸附材料，用傅里叶红外光谱仪对其进行了表征，并对模拟放射性废水中的Co2＋进行吸附实验。结果表明，控制合成pH在10．50～11．00，可以得到目标硅镁胶（MgO·2SiO2），在460cm-1处出现了较强的吸收峰，这是由Mg-O伸缩振动和si—Mg-O弯曲振动引起。在500℃焙烧4h后，可以得到吸附性能良好的硅镁胶，随着溶液pit的升高，去除率增大，在pH为4～8时达到最大。25％时，最大吸附量可达135．5mg／g，吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和准二级动力学方程。重复使用4次，对Co2＋的吸附量仍然达到130mg／g，说明硅镁胶是一种可重复利用的吸附剂。